To prevent against contamination, water may be further treated before consumption. These "end-of-pipe" approaches do not address the source of the problem but will help protect against possible contamination and/or infection.
Activated Carbon An activated carbon filter adsorbs/attracts contaminants as water flows through the filter. They help reduce chlorine, odours, bad taste, and some heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, or mercury. Costs are $20 - $60 for a faucet or pour-through model, $90 - $200 for a countertop model, $75 - $600 for under-the-sink models, and $500 - $1,300 for a house-based system.
Carbon Filtration
Carbon filters pass water through charcoal or a solid carbon block that blocks contaminants. The filter cartridge must be replaced when carbon sites are filled. They help reduce chlorine, odours, bad taste, and organic chemicals and pesticides. Costs are $15 - $30 for a faucet model and $300 and up for under-the-counter systems.
Water Softener
A water softener replaces calcium and magnesium with sodium that "softens" the water and leaves fewer residues on sinks, shower stalls, bathtubs, and your skin. They help reduce calcium, iron, and radium. Costs are $1,000-$3,500 for a complete household solution.
