(also referred to as...)
Water Cure, Water Therapy, Water Treatment
Introduction
The word "hydrotherapy" may be unfamiliar to people, but it involves one very common substance -- water. Hydrotherapy is the utilization of water in any form, either internally or externally, to achieve therapeutic benefits in the treatment of illness or maintenance of health. Some synonymous terms for this therapy are water cure, water treatment, and water therapy.
The use of hydrotherapy to bring about improvements in common ailments such as arthritis, back pain, headaches, bronchitis, asthma, common cold, sprains, injuries, hemorrhoids, muscle tension, and many more is not a new concept. Hydrotherapy has a long history, since water is easily accessible and available. However, the finesse in its application has been lost. It had been a wonderful therapy in days when technology was not as we know it and healers had to rely on and use all the elements given by nature, such as air, light, water, and plants, to cure illness.
Our uses of water in the maintenance of health can be quite instinctive as we observe some life examples. We drink water, we bathe, shower and wash with water, we apply an ice pack on a recent sprain or injury where there is inflammation, and we apply a hot water bottle to pains or spasms, such as in menstrual cramps. The extent of the therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy rests on the knowledge of the user knowing how the function of the body can be physiologically changed by the various properties of water and the skill of the user to turn the application of water into an art of healing.
A History
Water has historically been used to treat a variety of illnesses by many cultures, including the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Indians, Japanese, and classical societies of South America and Mesopotamia. However, the movement involving the use of water as the primary form of treatment originated in Europe and forms the basis of hydrotherapy today.
In 1697, a doctor by the name of John Floyer (1649 - 1734) wrote a book in Lichfield, England titled A History of Hot and Cold Bathing which was translated into many languages. Its translation into German in 1749 became significantly influential in Germany due to the work of Johann S. Hahn (1696 - 1773). Along with his father and brother, Hahn successfully used hydrotherapy in the treatment of acute and chronic diseases, particularly smallpox at the time, and they established principles of modern hydrotherapy in Germany.
The work of the Hahns must have indirectly influenced Vincent Priessnitz (1799 - 1852), an uneducated peasant farm boy who learned from an elderly neighbour the use of cold water to heal animals when they became sick or injured. At the age of seventeen, Priessnitz seriously hurt himself in a farm accident that broke two of his ribs. With his surgeon unable to help him, he attempted to heal his fractures by wrapping his chest in a cold towel and also drank plenty of cold water. He subsequently regained his health within a few days. As he became well known, he was so greatly sought after for his water cure that the Austrian government built new roads to allow access to his establishment.
Another significant figure in the history of hydrotherapy is Father Sebastian Kneipp (1821 - 1897). Father Kneipp's original application for priesthood was rejected because he had tuberculosis. He was accepted when he cured himself of tuberculosis by the use of water treatments and diet. Kneipp soon treated the sick in his parish with the methods of using water that benefited him. He treated thousands of people who came from all over the world using hydrotherapy, alongside with herbs, diet, exercise and the utilization of fresh air, sunlight, and rest to regain and maintain health. He rose to international fame as a healer and established hydrotherapy as a significant therapy in Germany. Kneipp established the basis of the modern health spa, which exists in Germany as Kneipp Kurhause, where patients would stay for residential care paid for by the national health care system.
Both Priessnitz and Kneipp had a dramatic influence on the development of water therapy in North America, as followers of theirs (many were German physicians) applied hydrotherapy as a key component of treatment in their American practice. One such follower was Benedict Lust (1872 - 1945), who established the beginnings of naturopathic medicine with the introduction of Kneipp's work in the United States. Hydrotherapy became a key component taught in naturopathic schools such as Bastry University in Seattle and the National College of Naturopathic Medicine in Portland. Today, hydrotherapy is one of the seven key modalities taught in naturopathic medicine.
Properties of Water
What is it about water that allows it to be a medium of healing? A number of key points are outlined below.
- The unique quality about water is that it can exist in three different states (solid, liquid, and gas). Water can store energy and release energy as it converts to various states and be useful in all three forms.
- Water has the ability to retain extreme temperatures before a change in state occurs. At temperatures of almost 0°C to almost 100°C, water can still be in liquid form.
- Water can rapidly absorb, hold, and release large amounts of heat without dramatically changing its own temperature.
- Water is a great solvent in which many substances can be dissolved in it. This makes water an excellent medium to transport elements, e.g., minerals, botanicals (herbs), and essential oils through the body surface via pores.
- Water is extremely malleable and can mould itself to any container or vessel. It can touch any part of the body surface that is immersed in it.
Having mentioned these features of water, it is important to note that water itself does not have any innate healing qualities. However, its properties allow it to bring about healing in the body. In hydrotherapy, the healing does not come from the water itself but from your body's response to the water temperatures applied to it. The effects of hydrotherapy are achieved through the use of hot and cold applications of water to influence the circulation of the whole body or part(s) of the body. The fact that water can carry extreme hot and cold temperatures that influence the body's physiological responses is what really brings about the therapeutic benefits. A better term to describe what happens in hydrotherapy is really thermotherapy.
Brief Description
The great benefit of hydrotherapy lies in its ability to relieve pain through improving or normalizing blood flow. This is analogous to the idea of movement and health in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). TCM believes ill health begins the moment the flow of energy (qi) is blocked or impaired, which can lead to the blockage and stasis of blood. The first sign of this situation is pain.
Water and Circulation
To understand how healing takes place in the body through hydrotherapy, we need to look at the physiological effects of hot and cold temperatures of water on the circulation of the body. Good circulation is the smooth flow of blood in and out of tissues, bringing in oxygen and nutrients and taking out carbon monoxide and waste products. If we believe in the premise that poor health -- overall or in an area of the body -- results from poor circulation or that poor circulation leads to poor health, then healing is proportional to the restoration of normal blood flow. The amount of water content in the body is about 70% or more. Hydrotherapy has the ability to influence the flow of this water content and the substances within it. Therefore, through the effects of temperature changes normal blood flow can be restored and along with it, health.
The altered circulatory activity achieved by hydrotherapy influences the metabolism of substances within the blood and surrounding tissues, particularly the muscle, lymphatic and nervous tissues. The lymphatic system and lymph flow is a key component of our immune system and hydrotherapy can influence the flow and activities within the lymph vessels. Furthermore, the nervous system responds to hot and cold temperature changes, resulting in the ability of hydrotherapy to produce a stimulating or sedating response in your body.
Effects on Circulation
Water temperature can influence blood movement. The key muscle organ that generates blood circulation in the body is the heart. However, this is only partly true for the blood flowing in the arterial system, namely the blood leaving the heart. The movement of venous blood returning to the heart is mainly facilitated by the contractile action of the muscular skeletal system, such as muscles of the legs and abdomen. In addition, the smooth muscle lining the arteriole walls, venules, and lymph vessels also contribute to the overall motion of blood flow. The capillaries in the peripheral circulation, although they do not have a muscular lining, can be induced to dilate and constrict.
As the skin contains many capillaries, skin temperature can cause a dilation or constriction on the peripheral blood vessels. The combined area of periphery capillary cross-sections is almost 800 times that of the aorta. Dilated peripheral vessels can thus serve as a storage for blood when it is drawn away from central circulation, up to a capacity that can almost shut down the heart by leaving it with hardly anything to pump. At the same time, abnormally constricted peripheral vessels can overload the central circulation for the heart. Therefore, the peripheral capillaries can be stimulated through the skin to expand or contract with the ultimate effect of serving as a peripheral pump for circulation.
Effects Of Hot And Cold Applications
The physiological effects of hot and cold water are dependent on the duration they are applied.
Short and Long Hot Applications
A short hot application on the skin, which lasts less than 5 minutes, produces a stimulatory response on circulation, as blood flow through the area is increased due to dilated blood vessels. In a long hot application, which is longer than 5 minutes, circulation is actually depressed as the movement of blood is decreased due to congestion produced by the first 5 minutes' exposure to heat.
In the incident of the short hot application the reaction of the body is considered to be an "intrinsic" response, where the reaction is a direct result of the heat, which is transferred to the body. In the long hot application, the response of the body is a "reactive" one, where your body creates a reflex as a result of its protective reaction to the hot application. This reflex in the body occurs to prevent the observation we made in the above paragraph that the peripheral circulation although individually small, is collectively large enough in its capacity to hold the blood of central circulation if it is diverted away from the heart.
Short and Long Cold Applications
In a short cold application, which is less than 1 minute, the effect is stimulating to the circulation, though this would initially seem to be contradictory. On its initial contact with the skin, the effect is immediately depressive as the blood vessels instinctively constrict. This momentary and brief vasoconstriction is important, but insignificant, since it is quickly followed by a vasodilation that last for 20 to 60 seconds
The "reactive" response of the body occurs to prevent serious instant vasoconstriction, which occurs in disorders such as Raynaud's disease. Subsequent longer applications of cold greater than 1 minute result again in vasoconstriction. In long cold applications of greater than 1 minute, the effect on the circulation is thus depressive -- an "intrinsic" response of the body to cold.
Effects on Metabolism
Hydrotherapy affects metabolism as a result of circulatory changes in the body or an area of the body. Even though hydrotherapy appears to be as simple as moving blood around, the effects on body tissues is profound. It is at this point that the art of healing with hydrotherapy can be seen and appreciated, when under the hands of a skillful hydrotherapist.
The following are some general guidelines to understand how tissue metabolism can be changed with hydrotherapy. Short cold applications and hot applications (of any length) result in a stimulatory effect on metabolism. There are subtle but significant differences in the short cold or hot applications, discussed later. Long cold applications depress metabolism.
In the case of stimulatory effects of hydrotherapy on metabolism, the following events take place in the body under a short cold or hot application. When the skin first encounters temperature changes, there is a temporary increase in blood pressure where the body responds by increasing circulation to the area. This increased superficial circulation results in increased blood supply to the muscles and tissues as the blood vessel widen to allow the blood to reach the capillaries on the skin. Subsequently, blood pressure drops. Heart rate, respiration rate, oxygen absorption, and carbon dioxide secretion all increase.
Additional changes in metabolism occur under a short cold application. These include an increase in tissue tone, increase in peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts, increase in peripheral red blood cell (RBC) counts, and a decrease in blood sugar levels. In addition, nitrogen absorption and excretion by the kidneys are also increased. For both short and long hot applications, the following changes in metabolism occur: decrease in tissue tone, decrease in peripheral WBC count, decrease in peripheral RBC count, and an increase in blood glucose levels. Note the different physiological effects of the short cold and hot applications in that they are reversed.
Summary
Due to the contrasts in circulation and metabolism that can be created with different water temperatures and the duration they are applied, hydrotherapy often employs specific times intervals of how long one temperature is applied to which part of the body and what alteration of temperature should follow one another. The above information is summarized below.
- When warm or hot applications are applied to tissues, the muscles relax and blood vessels dilate, allowing more blood to reach other tissues. Unless this is followed by a cold application, the tissue may become congested after 3 to 5 minutes, which is not ideal. For this reason, a cold application almost always follows a hot one in hydrotherapy treatments.
- When a short cold application is applied, it instantly contracts the local blood vessels. This has the effect of decongesting tissues and it is very quickly followed by a reaction in which blood vessels widen again and tissues are flushed with refresh, oxygen-rich blood. This is particularly desirable at the end of a short hot application where congestion is beginning.
- Alternate hot and cold applications produce circulatory interchange and improved drainage and oxygen supply to the tissues, whether these are muscles, skin, or organs.
- An important rule in hydrotherapy is that there should almost always be a short cold application, or immersion, after a hot one, and even better if there is one before it as well. Alternating opposite temperatures activates the peripheral tissues to work as a pump through expansion and contraction.
- Warm/neutral application has the general effect of relaxing the nervous system (NS). It produces little to minimal stimulus for the NS to respond to and activates the sleep mode, which allows the NS to "shut down". Warm/neutral temperatures are usually performed in baths for longer duration from 20 minutes to several hours.
- Tepid water application cools down the body by drawing heat from the core to the surface. They are used in sponge baths -- either full body or locally -- to help bring down temperature in fevers.
| Circulation | Metabolism |
| Temperatures | Short Application | Long Application | Short Application | Long Application |
Hot: 36.7-40°C 98-104°F | < 5 minutes • Stimulates circulation | >5 minutes • Decreases circulation by leaving the area static and congested | < 5 minutes • Stimulates metabolism by increasing O2 absorption and CO excretion • At the same time
¯ tissue tone ¯ peripheral WBC count ¯ peripheral RBC count blood glucose | >5 minutes • Stimulates metabolism by increasing O2 absorption and CO excretion • At the same time
¯ tissue tone ¯ peripheral WBC count ¯ peripheral RBC count blood glucose |
Warm or Neutral: 33.8-36.1°C 93-97°F | Minimal effect | Minimal effect | Minimal effect | Minimal effect |
Tepid: 26.5-33.3°C 81-92°F | Minimal effect | Minimal effect | Minimal effect | Minimal effect |
Cool: 18.5-26.5°C 66-80°F | Minimal effect | Minimal effect | Minimal effect | Minimal effect |
Cold: 12.7-18.3°C 55-65°F | < 1 minute • Stimulates circulation | > 1 minute • Depresses circulation through prolonged constriction of vessels | < 1 minute • Stimulates metabolism by • O2 absorption • CO excretion • tissue tone • peripheral WBC count • peripheral RBC count • ¯ blood glucose | > 1 minute • Depresses metabolism |
Examples of Hydrotherapy & Ailments / Situations Where Used
For simplicity, these sections have been combined.
Steam inhalation, ice pack, heating compress, fomentation, hot foot bath, sitz bath, alternate baths, and neutral bath are eight types of hydrotherapy methods that can be easily employed at home. Each is explained in more detail below.
Steam Inhalation
Description
Hot moist air as steam delivered to the respiratory tract.
Treatment Session/Duration
30 to 60 minutes, three times daily if needed.
Effects on the Body
- Warm moist air helps liquefy the mucus in the respiratory tract and allow for expectoration.
- Heats the mucosal tissue of the lung through condensing steam increasing circulation and eventual decreasing of congestion.
- Aromatic oils can be use with this to enhance the benefits.
Beneficial For:
- Cough
- Dry, thick secretions
- Laryngitis
- Respiratory tract congestion
- Sore throat
Contraindications
- Extremely young or old patients who may not be able to respond properly to the heat.
- Congestive heart failure where moist air might compromise breathing.
Ice Pack
Description
Local application of ice over a protected area.
Treatment Session/Duration
Place ice pack in indicated area 15 to 30 minutes, repeat ice pack every 1 to 3 hours, where necessary.
Effects on the Body
- This is a long cold application so the first physiological response from the body is vasoconstriction, followed quickly by vasodilation, then eventual vasoconstriction results.
- The overall effect is decreased circulation and decreased local congestion if there is local swelling.
- When ice melts it can absorb eighty times the heat water can. The melting of ice can decongest an area by absorbing the heat given off by inflamed and swollen tissues.
Beneficial For:
- Acute appendicitis
- Acute bursitis
- Acute joint inflammation (except if aggravated by cold)
- After dental surgery
- Anorexia (placed over stomach before meals)
- Cerebral congestion
- Contusions
- Fever
- Goiter
- Headache (can use ice collar to relieve migraines)
- Hemorrhage (by using reflex areas)
- Inflamed hemorrhoids
- Insect bites, spider bites, centipede bites
- Sprains
- Tennis elbow
- Toothache
Contraindications
- Acute asthma over lungs
- Acute cystitis over bladder
- Patients who are aggravated by cold
Heating Compresses
Description
A compress involves linen or other material made moist by water that is medicated or not medicated and is applied to an area. A heating compress is a cold compress applied to a part of the body and covered by dry flannel or wool, which allows it to be warmed by the body through stimulating circulation.
Treatment Session/Duration
Keep compress on until dry; or for several hours, then remove and dry area and repeat compress; or overnight. It is important to end the session with a cool friction rub.
Effects on the Body
- Cold causes an initial vasoconstriction, soon followed by vasodilation leading to tissue warming.
- Heat builds up in the compress since it is covered by flannel or wool and this results in further dilation.
- The buildup of heat causes tissue relaxation.
- Depending on how breathable the covering fabric is, the heat can build up and cool down through evaporation in a cyclic manner that encourages a constant and gentle self-modulating treatment facilitating overall circulation and metabolism.
Beneficial For:
- Abdominal compress:
- Backache (have compress go all the way round the back)
- Biliary congestion
- Chronic appendicitis
- Constipation
- Crohn's disease
- Diarrhea
- Gas
- Hepatic torpor
- Insomnia
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Poor digestion
- Ulcerative colitis
- Chest compress:
- Acute mastitis
- Asthma (if acute, start with hot first for 5-10 minutes)
- Chest cold
- Chronic bronchitis
- Cough
- Early influenza
- Pneumonia (if fever is greater than 39.5 C or 103 F, change compress every half hour)
- Throat compress:
- Laryngitis
- Lymphadenopathy
- Pharyngitis
- Tonsilitis
- Other areas that is indicated:
- Arthritis
- Boils
- Cellulitis
- Lymphangitis
- Pain
- Sprains
Contraindications
- Debilitated patient
- Chilly patient with low body temperature
A common type of heating compress is the cold sock treatment.
Fomentations
Description
Usually repeated local application of moist heat by a hot compress of wool or other material.
Treatment Session/Duration
Keep the fomentation on for 3 to 10 minutes and replace it 2 to 3 time in one session.
Effects on the Body
- The hot compress delivers heat to the area applied and produces dilation, which can decongest the area while at the same time increase metabolism, produce sweating, and increase elimination.
- Tissue relaxation occurs and pain or spasm decreases.
Beneficial For:
- Boils (to bring to a head)
- Bronchitis, pleurisy, chest cold
- Dysmenorrhea
- Gallstones
- Gastroenteritis
- In situations where there is pain, congestion, or inflammation
- Insomnia
- Muscle spasm, tension, soreness
- Nephritis
- Ovaritis
- Prostatitis
- Renal colic
- Sciatica, lumbago, intercostal neuralgia
Contraindications
- Malignancy
- Hemorrhage
- Gastric ulcers
- Loss of sensation
Hot Foot Bath
Description
Immersion of the feet above the ankles in water of the following temperatures: 40 to 43°C or 104 to 110°F, for 10 to 30 minutes.
Treatment Session/Duration
In the first 5 minutes, gradually add hot water to the foot bath until the feet adjust to the high temperature (remove the feet while adding the hot water to avoid burning. Continue the hot foot bath for 10 to 30 minutes. At the end, pour cold water over the area that was submerged in the hot foot bath.
Effects on the Body
- The heat will initially dilate the blood vessels in the feet and increase the circulation to the feet.
- After 5 minutes, stasis of blood in the feet will develop. This will draw blood away from other areas of the body that might be congested.
- The heat will also increase metabolism and body temperature.
Beneficial For:
- Chill
- Congestive headache
- Fatigue
- Nosebleed
- Pelvic congestion
- Plantar warts
- Pulmonary congestion
- Suppressed menstruation
Contraindications
- Peripheral vascular disease (Buerger's disease/thromboangiitis obliterans, deep vein thrombosis).
- Diabetes mellitus, where there is loss of sensation in the feet due to peripheral neuropathy.
Sitz Bath
Description
Sitz bath involves the immersion of the pelvic area, which includes the hips, buttocks, and low abdomen, into a seated tub. The sitz bath can be done while the feet are placed in the same or contrary temperature. If the sitz bath is combined with the foot bath, it is usually done in alternating fashion of opposite temperatures. Other names for the sitz bath are the sitting bath or hip bath.
Treatment Session/Duration
Depends on the type of sitz bath:
| Hot sitz bath | Cold sitz bath | Alternate hot & cold sitz | Neutral sitz |
| Temperature of Sitz bath | 106-110°F 41-43°C | 55-75°F 12-24°C | 106-110°F 41-43°C | 92-97°F 33-36°C |
| Temperature of Foot bath | 43-45°C 110-112°F | 10-25°C 50-77°F | 15°C 60°F | |
| Duration | 3-8 minutes | 3-8 minutes | • 2-5 minutes in hot sitz bath • 20-60 seconds cold sitz bath | 1/4 - 2 hours |
Effects on the Body
- Congestion can be draw away from the head and lungs
- Hot has a relaxing effect on the tissues
- Cold has tonifying effect on the tissues
- Neutral has a calming effect on the nervous system
- Hot foot bath together with the sitz bath helps reduce possible congestion
Beneficial For:
HOT | COLD | ALTERNATING | NEUTRAL |
Painful spasm: vaginismus, tenesmus, colic of the uterine, nephritic or intestinal nature | Enuresis (bed wetting) | Chronic urinary tract infection (UTI) | Acute cystitis (UTI) |
Neuralgia: ovarian, testicular, intestinal | Prolapsus: uterine, cystocele, rectorcele | Anal Fissures | Excitement: mental, sexual |
Sciatica | Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) | Hemorrhoids | Pruritis ani (itchy anus) |
Lumbago/back pain | BPH Incontinence | Alleviates neuralgia | Pruritis vulvae |
Suppressed menses | Stage fright | Alleviate insomnia | |
Congestive headache | Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding) | Pelvic congestion | |
Painful hemorrhoids | | Congestive headache | |
| | Vaginal infection | |
| | Postpartum healing | |
| | Prostatitis | |
Contraindications
HOT:
- Hemorrhage
- Menorrhagia
- Atonic conditions of prolapsus or pelvic congestion
COLD:
- Painful conditions of colic or spasm
- Acute lung congestion
- Heart problems
Alternating Baths
Description
Alternating baths involve applying hot and cold water in alternation to the body or part(s) of the body for different lengths of times. This technique can be used in the shower by alternating hot and cold water for the duration specified under treatment session.
Treatment Session/Duration
- 2 to 5 minutes in hot water temperature (41-43°C/106-110°F)
- 15 to 60 seconds in cold water temperature (15°C/60°F)
- then again 2 to 5 minutes hot, and 15 to 60 seconds cold
- repeat this pattern at least three times and always end with cold
Beneficial For:
- this method greatly improves circulation
- it had positive effects on health by being an overall tonic and increasing energy
- helpful in conditions of congestion and inflammation, local or general
- it can be ideal for varicose veins and hemorrhoids
Contraindications
- Hemorrhage
- Acute/serious heart disease
Neutral Bath
Description
Full body immersion in water that is 33.8-36.1°C or 93-97°F in temperature
Treatment Session/Duration
20 to 60 minutes for insomnia; up to 3 to 4 hours in fever and mania
Effects on the Body
- Neutral temperature equalizes circulation, which decreases congestion and produces sedation if there is cerebral congestion.
- In neutral temperature, no physiological events are activated and this allows the nervous system to rest and a tranquilizing effect is produced overall.
Beneficial For:
- Acute hypertension
- Anxiety
- Chronic, intractable pain
- Cleansing or healing crisis
- Depression
- Drug withdrawal
- Insomnia
- Intractable itching
- Mental illness
- Nervous exhaustion
> - Peripheral edema
- When hot or cold applications are contraindicated in diabetes or arteriosclerosis
Contraindications
- Skin conditions aggravated by immerging in water
- Great cardiac weakness
Constitutional Hydrotherapy
One last form of hydrotherapy is constitutional hydrotherapy. It was a method developed and mastered by the naturopathic physician, Dr. O. G. Carroll (1879 - 1962) and his followers. Constitutional hydrotherapy has been successfully used in treating a wide variety of conditions for over sixty years. Its success is due to the fact that constitutional hydrotherapy enhances the immune system, improves overall nutrition, promotes detoxification and helps restore balance to the nervous system
The procedure required to perform constitutional hydrotherapy is more complex than the previous examples given of hydrotherapy. All the naturopathic colleges are taught hydrotherapy, including constitutional hydrotherapy. If you are interested in receiving a constitutional hydrotherapy treatment contact the naturopathic school nearest you.
Contraindications / Precautions / Warnings
The following general contraindications should be remembered when applying hydrotherapy.
- Acute bleeding, hemorrhage, open wounds, pressure sores
- Acute fever (when using extreme hot and cold)
- Acute skin infections, contagious skin rashes
- Diabetic persons with peripheral neuropathy - extreme temperatures in the event that they are unable to detect pain due to nerve sensory loss
- Hypotensive individual in hot baths
- Incontinence of bladder/bowel
- Malignancy
- Seizures
- Severe cardiac complications
- Thermal nerve deficiency - extreme cold applications to the hands in individuals with Raynaud's disease
- Vascular disease
Contacts
The Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine
1255 Sheppard Avenue East
North York, Ontario
M2K 1E2
Canada
Tel.: 416.498.1255
Web: www.ccnm.edu
British College of Naturopathy and Osteopathy
Frazer House
6 Netherhall Gardens
London
NW3 5RR
United Kingdom
Tel.: 0171.435.6464
General Council and Register of Naturopaths
(Same address as above)
Tel.: 0171.435.8728
Tyringham Naturopathic Clinic
Newport Pagnell
Buckinghamshire
MK16 9ER
Tel: 01908.610450
American Association of Naturopathic Physicians
2366 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 322
Seattle, Washington
98102
United States
Tel.: 206.323.8510
Bastyr University
14500 Juanita Drive NE
Bothell, Washington
98011
United States
Tel.: 206.823.1300
National College of Naturopathic Medicine
049 South West Porter
Portland, Oregon
97201
United States
Tel.: 503.499.4343
Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine & Health Sciences
2140 East Broadway Road
Tempe, Arizona
85282
United States
Tel.: 602.858.9100
Ailments / Situations Listing
See also
Naturopathy
